One of the most common question I get asked is “what is the best time to visit Portland, Oregon?” Fair question, considering the city’s reputation for rain. Most visitors want to take advantage of the great outdoors while visiting Portland and the weather plays a huge role in that.
As with most cities, some seasons shine brighter than others. I don’t want to give you misleading answers like “all seasons are magical” because that’s simply not true. As a lifelong local, my recommendations for the best time to visit Portland. Let’s dive in.
The short version
Summer is the best time to visit Portland, hands down, mild, dry, and made for the outdoors. Winter is the cheapest and least crowded, if you can shrug off the gray.
- Best overall: Summer (June–September), with mid-September the local sweet spot, crowds thin out and the swift migration begins.
- Cheapest: Winter, when hotel rooms can drop to $90–$160 a night, especially after the holidays.
- Fewest crowds: Winter (December–February), the quietest stretch of the year.
Quick Note for First Time Visitors
I’m anticipating some comments about Portland going to hell in a hand basket. Rent prices tell me otherwise, but I’d be doing you a disservice by claiming the city is back to her glory days. Not quite. Not yet.
Portland’s metamorphosis is riddled with challenges, chief among them the homeless and fentanyl crises. Now, as longtime readers know, I’m the first to admit I don’t have a solution to the complicated world of homelessness.
As such, I don’t feel right complaining because I’m not actively contributing to improvements. But for first time visitors, it’s helpful to anticipate homelessness in certain pockets of the city (especially downtown).
Has that ever stopped me from enjoying my evenings? Heck no. But it always stirs a conversation, so I want to point it out.
Portland Weather at a Glance
Before we get into the seasonal breakdown, here’s a quick look at what to expect from Portland’s weather throughout the year. This will help you decide which month works best for your trip.
| Month | Avg High | Avg Low | Rain Days | Crowds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 47°F | 36°F | 18 | Low |
| February | 51°F | 37°F | 15 | Low |
| March | 56°F | 39°F | 14 | Low |
| April | 61°F | 42°F | 13 | Medium |
| May | 67°F | 47°F | 10 | Medium |
| June | 73°F | 52°F | 8 | Medium-High |
| July | 80°F | 56°F | 3 | High |
| August | 81°F | 57°F | 3 | High |
| September | 76°F | 52°F | 5 | High |
| October | 64°F | 45°F | 11 | Medium |
| November | 52°F | 40°F | 17 | Low |
| December | 46°F | 35°F | 18 | Low |
What about hotel prices? Portland hotel rates swing quite a bit depending on the season. During peak summer months (July and August), expect to pay anywhere from $180 to $300 per night for a decent hotel. Spring and fall are your sweet spot for shoulder season pricing, typically running $130 to $200 per night. And if you visit during winter? That is when you’ll find the best deals, with rooms often dropping to $90 to $160 per night. Something to keep in mind as you plan your trip.
Portland weather, the numbers that matter
Best Time to Visit Portland, Oregon
(Click here for the table of contents)
When to Travel to Portland: Table of Contents
- Quick Note for First Time Visitors
- Best Time to Visit Portland, Oregon
- Visiting Portland in the Summer
- Visiting Portland in the Summer (Fun Activities)
- The Second Best Time to Visit Portland is Fall
- Fall Activities | Best Time to Visit Portland
- Visiting Portland in the Spring
- Spring Activities | When to Visit Portland
- Visiting Portland in Winter
- Winter Activities | Best Time to Visit Portland
- Monthly Events & Festivals in Portland
- What’s the best time to travel to Portland, Oregon? (Post Summary)
Visiting Portland but don’t know where to stay? I’ve you covered. Here’s a roundup of the best hotels in Portland. Short on time? Here’s my favorite hotel, hands down.
Visiting Portland in the Summer
Average Daily Highs: June (73°F) | July (80°F) | August (80°F)
I’m not one for definitive statements, but in this case it applies: Summer is the best time to visit Portland.
I know some locals will disagree with me on this. The heat! The wildfires! And it’s true, wildfires are definitely on the rise and summers are way warmer than they used to be (we didn’t own an AC until last year), but I stand by my statement.
A word about wildfire smoke: August and September can occasionally bring wildfire smoke drifting in from Eastern Oregon, Washington or California. Most years it’s not a significant issue, and you’ll barely notice it. But some years, the smoke settles over the city for a week or two, turning the skies hazy and making outdoor activities less enjoyable. If you’re planning a late summer visit, keep an eye on air quality forecasts in the days leading up to your trip. The good news is that even during smoky stretches, the city’s incredible food scene, breweries and indoor attractions are more than enough to keep you busy.
When compared to summers in other major US cities, Portland takes the cake due to mild temperatures (barring heat waves) and lack of humidity. Plus, the mornings and evenings cool down considerably, which prevents the days from feeling too hot.
But look at me go! Here I’m telling you that summer is the best time to visit Portland but I’m not sharing my favorite activities, let’s cover that next.
Visiting Portland in the Summer (Fun Activities)
Visit the Portland Rose Garden
Portland’s beloved rose garden is the largest and oldest rose garden in America. Home to an impressive 650+ varieties of roses and more than 10,000+ bushes, it’s easily one of the best free things to do in Portland. But the history of the rose garden is the best part, learn about the rose garden here.
Enjoy Cathedral Park’s Free Jazz Festival
If you’re looking for fun things to do in Portland during the summer I recommend attending the annual Cathedral Park Jazz Festival, held every July over the span of a long weekend. You’ll get a chance to experience award-winning musicians serenade festival-goers under the St. John’s Bridge. Learn more here.
Catch the Swift Migration at Chapman Elementary
I often tell folks the best time to visit Portland is mid-September. The Labor Day crowds are gone, leaves are slowly starting to change color and the epic swift migration takes place.
Every September, the swifts at Chapman Elementary School in NW Portland encircle the school’s chimney (at sunset) before diving in for the night. It’s a spectacle to behold. Pack a picnic blanket, invite some friends and participate in one of Portland’s most popular summer activities. Learn more here.
My pick, favorite week to visit
Mid-September.
The Labor Day crowds are gone, the leaves are just starting to turn, and the swift migration at Chapman Elementary is in full swing. It’s the local sweet spot, summer weather without the summer crush.
Read: What to Pack for Portland, Oregon (A Local Who Knows the Weather)
Perks of visiting Portland in summer
- Beautiful weather, great for outdoor exploration (here’s 25 Epic Hikes Near Portland)
- Tons of activities and events
- Don’t miss: Roosting Swifts at Chapman Elementary
Cons of visiting Portland in summer
- Potential for heat waves
- Wildfire season
- Peak tourist season (with high hotel prices)
The Second Best Time to Visit Portland is Fall
Average Daily Highs: September (75°F) | October (63°F) | November (52°F)
If you’re into gray skies and cozy cafes, you may consider autumn the best time to visit Portland, and you wouldn’t be wrong.
Early fall is a beautiful time to visit Portland because of the stunning fall colors (here’s a roundup of my 15 favorite spots for fall color in Portland).
Granted, the weather is hit or miss, but there’s typically a stretch of sunny days to count on before the gray clouds move in around November.
If you’re visiting Portland during a particularly beautiful fall day, make your way out to Hood River for the Fruit Loop Drive. Pop from one orchard to the next in search of the best apples and baked goods in town (it’s a highly-anticipated annual tradition in our home!).
If the forecast predicts blinding rain, know this: Portlanders have learned to thrive in gloomy weather. Between the cozy cafes and great local breweriesyou’ll be able to weather any storm.
If helpful, here’s a list of 15+ Memorable Rainy Day Activities in Portland. I’d argue that getting a proper feel for typical rainy weather makes fall one of the best times to visit Portland for anyone considering moving to the city. It’s a great time of year to explore because there’s tons of fun events (which I’ll list by month shortly).
Fall Activities | Best Time to Visit Portland
Visit a Local Pumpkin Patch
If you were to ask me about the best time to visit Portland outside of summer, the answer would be too easy: Fall. The reason? Autumnal traditions are the coziest of all. One of my favorite fall traditions is visiting pumpkin patches with my sisters and niece. Here’s a roundup of my favorite pumpkin patches near Portland.
Peruse the PSU Farmers Market
There’s nothing I love more than visiting farmers markets to stock up on seasonal ingredients from local farmers. Fall is one of the best times to visit Portland because that’s when the northwest’s bounty truly shines (fresh apples, chantrelles, etc.). Here’s my guide to the PSU Farmers Market.
Go Apple Picking in Hood River
Yet another cozy fall tradition proving fall is arguably the best time to visit Portland: Apple picking in Hood River. My husband and I made this an annual tradition the past seven years. We invite some close friends, spend a couple hours at an orchard and then mosey over to a relaxing Hood River winery.
We’ve noticed that everyone looks forward to this tradition as much as us. The reservation gets bigger every year (it’s also fun that’s most folks in the group have kids now). Can’t recommend it enough, you might want to read: 12+ Memorable Things to Do in Hood River.
My pick, best for fall color and value
Early October.
The foliage peaks, summer crowds have thinned, daytime highs still hover around 64°F, and hotel rates start sliding down from their summer peak. Early October is often dry and beautiful before the rain settles in.
Perks of visiting Portland in the fall
- Mild temperatures in early fall
- Beautiful foliage
- Don’t miss: Day trip to Hood River
Cons of visiting Portland in autumn
- Could get very chilly
- High chance of rain
Visiting Portland in the Spring
Daily average temperatures: March (56°) | April (61°) | May (68°)
Spring is my husband’s favorite season but I don’t hold that against him because he wasn’t raised in the Pacific Northwest. How could he possibly know that spring is marked by constant rain and measly sunshine? Like I said, not his fault.
We’ve had some friends ask if spring is a good time to visit Portland but that’s a hard question to answer. I typically encourage them to wait for summer (pure bliss) but my husband says the rain isn’t as bad as people say (while awkwardly avoiding eye contact with me).
But the truth is this: you’ll be spending a lot of time indoors if you’re visiting Portland in the spring. Between the colder weather and constant rain, it’s the perfect time to cozy up to a good book, but not necessarily enjoy the great outdoors. However, even I’ll admit the breweries and cafes can make spring feel very cozy.
Spring Activities | When to Visit Portland
Portland Dining Month
Portland is a foodie city. If you’re visiting Portland in March, you can see for yourself. Portland Dining Month is a highly-anticipated event where more than 100 local restaurants offer discounted three-course meals to those lucky enough to score a reservation. Have a game plan in advance!
Catch Cherry Blossom Season
Nobody can resist the allure of the cherry blossoms at Tom McCall Waterfront, the best spot in Portland to see cherry blossoms. The 100 Akebono cherry trees that line the waterfront were gifted by the Japanese Grain Importers Association in 1990.
Visit the Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival
Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival. If you dream of frolicking through never-ending fields of tulips, you’ll love this. Here’s my guide to the Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival.
Experience the Portland Rose Festival
Portland’s Rose Festival is the 2nd largest floral parade in the country. Hosted the last weekend in May through the first two weeks of June, this is the biggest spectator event in the state.
Pros of visiting Portland in spring
- Lovely (albeit chilly) weather during sunny days
- Don’t Miss: Portland Dining Month (the best!)
Cons of visiting Portland in spring
- Could get very chilly
- High chance of rainy days
Visiting Portland in Winter
Daily average temperatures: December (46°) | January (47°) | February (50°)
While consider the best time to visit Portland, let’s discuss the worst time: winter. Yep, as a lifelong local, I can confirm that visiting Portland is largely a miserable affair, unless you’re using the city as a pit-stop for skiing at Mt. Hood.
If you’re visiting Portland near the end of November, don’t miss the chance to see the annual tree lighting festival in Pioneer Courthouse Square the day after Thanksgiving. The square swells with locals and tourists alike, everyone eager to kick off the official start of the Christmas season.
However, the post-holiday season gets pretty drab. There isn’t too much going on and the gloomy weather keeps locals indoors most weekdays. The breweries are great during weekends, invite some friends and make a day of it. I really like visiting Blue Moon in Northwest Portland because of the cozy fireplace.
Does it snow in Portland, Oregon?
Portland rarely sees snow. I mean sure, snow is more common than it used to be, but I still don’t bank on it. My coworkers and I went from crossing our fingers for snow days, but with teleworking on the rise, we’re crossing our fingers for dry days so the kids aren’t stuck at home.
Winter Activities | Best Time to Visit Portland
Check out the Portland Holiday Brew Fest
Of all the things Portland is known for, perhaps the most notable is Portland’s beer scene. In fact, Portland is often rated as the best beer city in America. Our area of expertise? Craft beers and IPAs. The beloved Holiday Ale Festival has carried on as the Portland Holiday Brew Fest, held a weekend in early December under the canopy of the decorated Christmas tree in Pioneer Courthouse Square, where you can sample rare and seasonal beers. Learn more here.
Explore Powell’s Books
Rated by CNN as one of the coolest bookstores in the world, Powell’s Books, dubbed City of Books, is the largest independently owned bookstore in the world, selling both new and used titles for all to enjoy.
Home to more than one million new and used books, the store covers 4 floors. If that sounds overwhelming, grab a map before starting on the adventure. Arrive early or be prepared for crowds, visiting Powell’s is by far one of the best things to do in Portland.
Fun fact: Pop into the Gold Room during your visit to see the rarest books in the store. The most expensive book at Powell’s is an 1814 copy of the Lewis & Clark Journal which includes Captain Lewis’ map safely tucked between the pages. The price? $350,000.
Get the BEST hot chocolate from Creo Chocolate
A little known local secret that I’ll let you in on: Creo Chocolate has the best hot chocolate in Portland. This ma and pa shop churns out rich, perfectly sweet and irresistibly satisfying hot chocolate. Plus, the folks that own it couldn’t be sweeter (some pun intended).
Have a Celebratory Meal at Le Pigeon
Oh my, what can I say about Le Pigeon that I haven’t said before. This restaurant is a dream, it put Portland on the culinary map! The award-wining restaurant offers tasting menus exclusivity and getting a last minute reservation may require donating a kidney (all the better, there will be more room for food).
It’s pricey but memorable (and filling), so it’s worth every penny. Don’t sleep on the wine pairing either, it’s top notch.
Get Tickets for the Portland Jazz Festival
The Portland Jazz Festival is a part of Black History Month celebrations. You can catch world-renowned musicians perform more than 150 concerts in Portland for two weeks in February. Learn more here.
Pros of visiting Portland in winter
- You’ll appreciate your hometown more, assuming you come from a less rainy place
- Cheaper to visit than other months (especially after the holidays)
- Don’t miss: The Portland Holiday Brew Fest (early December)
Cons of visiting Portland in winter
- Very cold temperatures coupled with rain
- Not much going on in terms of events (especially Jan – Feb)
What to Pack for Portland
No matter what time of year you visit Portland, the packing strategy is basically the same: layers, layers, layers. The weather here can shift on you fast. You might start the morning in a light jacket, strip down to a t-shirt by noon and wish you had that jacket again by evening. That is just how it goes in the Pacific Northwest.
A solid rain jacket is non-negotiable, regardless of when you visit. Even during summer, a rogue shower can catch you off guard. And here’s a local tip that will save you some embarrassment: skip the umbrella. Portlanders don’t use them. A good rain jacket with a hood is all you need, and you’ll blend in much better.
Comfortable walking shoes are a must. Portland is a wonderfully walkable city and many of its best neighborhoods reward those who explore on foot. If you’re visiting during the wetter months (October through May), waterproof shoes or boots will be your best friend. For summer visitors, a pair of breathable sneakers or trail shoes works perfectly, especially if you plan on hitting any of the nearby hiking trails.
One more thing: pack a light base layer or two, even for summer trips. Portland mornings and evenings cool down more than you might expect, and you’ll be glad to have something warm when the sun dips behind the West Hills.
Monthly Events & Festivals in Portland
Visiting Portland in January
- Portland Old Time Music Gathering. As you may have guessed, this is a gathering of musicians specializing in old time music. Various bands serenade audiences at several venues around town. Learn more here.
Visiting Portland in February
- The Portland Jazz Festival is a part of Black History Month celebrations. You can catch world renowned jazz musicians perform more than 150 concerts in Portland for two weeks in February. Learn more here.
- Winter Light Festival. Experience a dazzling display of bright lights and matching musical shows on the epic Tilikum Crossing Bridge and along the Central Eastside. More details here.
- Zwickelmania. Held the second weekend in February, this popular brew festival celebrates Portland’s unwavering commitment to craft brews. You can sample brews from tons of local breweries, learn more here.
Visiting Portland in March
- Portland Dining Month. More than 100 local restaurants offer discounted three-course meals to those lucky enough to score reservations. I’ve discovered many new-to-me gems through dining month and can’t recommend it enough. Learn more here.
- Saint Patrick’s Festival. Locals count down the days until the lively four day celebration of St. Patrick’s Day with live music (bagpipes!), dancing and beer (lots of beer). More information here.
- Portland International Film Festival. If you’re into indie movies, you’ll love this popular Portland festival. The event draws more than 35,000 visitors annually and premiers 100+ international films. Info here.
- Shamrock Run. Tons of folks decked out in vibrant shades of green as they run the 5k, 8k or 15k route. Live music, energized runners and peppy performers, it’s a ton of fun. Even if you don’t plan to run the route, join in on the sidelines, more information here.
Visiting Portland in April
- See the Cherry Blossoms at Tom McCall Waterfront Park. The waterfront is the best spot in Portland to see cherry blossoms. The 100 Akebono cherry trees that line the waterfront were gifted by the Japanese Grain Importers Association in 1990.
- Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival. If you dream of frolicking through never-ending fields of tulips, you’ll love this. Here’s my guide to the Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival.
- Fertile Ground Festival. Lasting 11 days, this arts festival is hosted by the Portland Area Theater Alliance (PATA) and features live performances throughout the city. Everything from dance and theater to comedy and music.
Visiting Portland in May
- The Portland Rose Festival. They don’t call us the City of Roses for nothing. The Rose Festival is the 2nd largest floral parade in the country and locals eat it up! Hosted from the last weekend in May through the first two weeks of June, it’s the biggest spectator event in the state. Learn more here.
- Cinco de Mayo Festival. Experience the vibrancy of Mexican culture through music, food, crafts and dance. This three-day celebration is held at Waterfront Park the weekend of May 5th, it’s hosted in collaboration with Guadalajara (Portland’s Sister City). Learn more here.
Visiting Portland in June
- Portland Pride. A week-long celebration of various events celebrating the the LGBTQ+ community. The star of the show is the Pride Parade hosted at Tom McCall Waterfront Park. Learn more here.
- Pedalpalooza. Portland is one of the best biking cities in the country, so it’s only fitting that we host one of the most fun biking events in the world. Thousands of bikers take off as streets are closed off to vehicle traffic. Learn more here.
Visiting Portland in July
- Oregon Brewers Festival (currently on hiatus). Founded in 1988, this Waterfront Park festival was once the longest-running craft beer event in the country, drawing crowds for beers from 90+ breweries. It has not been held since 2022, so check ahead before planning around it. Learn more here.
- Waterfront Blues Festival. Held during 4th of July weekend, head to the Waterfront Blues Festival at Tom McCall Waterfront Park. This is the second-largest blues festival in the country (second to Chicago) and attracts more than 120,000 people every year. You can catch more than 150 performances over the span of four days, learn more here.
- Cathedral Park Jazz Festival. If you’re looking for fun things to do in Portland during the summer I highly recommend enjoying some talented jazz musicians at the annual Cathedral Park Jazz Festival. Bring a picnic blanket or camping chairs and allow yourself to enjoy the pure bliss of music and nothing else. Learn more here.
Visiting Portland in August
- Providence Bridge Pedal. This is one of the best events in Portland. Grab your bike and pedal across iconic Portland bridges normally closed to bikers and pedestrians. Book early because this is a popular Portland event that sells out. Learn more here.
- Portland Beer Week. A 10-day celebration of local breweries! You can probably tell by now that Portlanders love beer and aren’t shy about it. Learn more here.
- Adult Soapbox Derby. Held at Mt. Tabor (one of the best parks in Portland) watch participants zip down a dormant volcano on homemade derbies, learn more here.
- Hood to Coast Relay. Ask any local about the Hood to Coast Relay and they’ll tell you they’ve either (a) checked it off or (b) have it on their radar. Stretching 198 miles from Mount Hood to the Oregon Coast, it’s the longest relay race in the country. More info here.
Visiting Portland in September
- Swift migration at Chapman Elementary. Every September, like clockwork, the swifts at Chapman Elementary circle the iconic chimney before diving in for the night. Drawing thousands of spectators, it’s a spectacle to behold. Learn more here.
- Rose City Comic Con. If you’re into comics, you’ll love this Portland event held late September. This is a family-friendly celebration that focuses on comics, gaming, cosplay, sci-fi, anime and every fandom in between. More info here.
Visiting Portland in October
- Portland Marathon. Held the first weekend in October, the Portland Marathon is a very popular event that gets the whole city buzzing. Watch athletes run around the city and cheer them on from the sidelines (unless you’re bold enough to join!).
- Portland Fresh Hop Fest. Held at Oaks Amusement Park, this two-day event celebrates fresh hop beers brewed by craft brewers in Oregon. Learn more here.
- FashionNXT. What’s next in fashion? Find out at FashionNXT, Portland’s eco-friendly spin on New York Fashion Week. Designers from all over the world show off their skills while keeping sustainability en vogue. Learn more here.
Visiting Portland in November
- Portland Book Festival. This fun Portland festival features author discussions, writing workshops, readings, kid’s story time and book fair. Swing by to see who’s new to the writing scene, Portland is known for producing great authors!
- The Holiday Tree Lighting. This highly anticipated event occurs the day after thanksgiving. Watch in awe as the decorated 75-foot Douglas Fir in Pioneer Courthouse Square gets lit up for the first time. It’s the official start of the holiday season and it wouldn’t feel like Christmas without it.
Visiting Portland in December
- Swing by the Portland Holiday Brew Fest (the successor to the long-running Holiday Ale Festival) to sample rare and seasonal beers under the canopy of the decorated Christmas tree in Pioneer Courthouse Square. Learn more here.
- Santacon Portland. Put on your best Santa costume and join hordes of locals as they crawl from one pub to the next. It’s a very popular Portland event for a reason and you’re bound to have a great a time! Info here.
What’s the best time to travel to Portland, Oregon? (Post Summary)
In sum, the best time to visit Portland, Oregon is summer, hands down. The temperatures are relatively mild, the chance of rainfall is minimal and you’ll have ample opportunity to enjoy the great outdoors the city is known for.
- Summer
- Fall
- Spring
- Winter
Cheers!
Read: 25 Portland Quotes That Sum Up the City Perfectly
Frequently Asked Questions About Visiting Portland
Does it rain a lot in Portland?
Portland has a reputation for being rainy, and it’s somewhat deserved. The city sees about 154 rainy days per year, primarily between October and May. But here’s what most people get wrong: Portland actually receives less total rainfall than cities like New York, Houston and Miami. The rain here’s more of a steady, light drizzle than a heavy downpour. It’s consistent, sure, but you get used to it. And the payoff is the lush, green landscape that makes the Pacific Northwest so beautiful.
Is Portland worth visiting in winter?
Absolutely. Winter in Portland isn’t for everyone, but if you enjoy cozy vibes, fewer crowds and lower prices, it can be a great time to visit. The city comes alive with holiday markets and events in December, and January through February offer some of the best hotel deals of the year. Plus, you’re just over an hour from Mount Hood for skiing and snowboarding. Just be prepared for gray skies and rain.
What is the rainiest month in Portland?
November and December are typically the rainiest months in Portland, each averaging around 17 to 18 days of rain. January is right behind them. If you want to avoid the bulk of the rain, plan your visit between June and September, when Portland transforms into one of the most pleasant cities in the country.
How many days do you need in Portland?
I recommend at least three to four days to get a solid feel for Portland. That gives you enough time to explore a few neighborhoods, check out the food scene, visit a brewery or two and squeeze in a day trip to the Columbia River Gorge or the coast. If you’ve a full week, even better. You can take things at a slower pace and really dig into what makes this city special.
Is October a good time to visit Portland?
October is a fantastic time to visit Portland. The fall colors are stunning, the summer crowds have thinned out and the temperatures are still comfortable (averaging around 64°F during the day). Rain starts picking up toward the end of the month, but early October is often dry and beautiful. It’s also when hotel prices start to drop from their summer peaks, making it a great value pick for travelers.
Read: Is Portland Safe to Visit in 2026? A Local’s Honest Answer
Read: 12 Iconic Bridges in Portland, Oregon (With Facts & Photos)
Portland is riddled with homeless camps, highest drug addiction (due to decriminalization) in the nation and politicians who put both of those kinds of people before law abiding citizens. They are currently trying to legalize prostitution and they just defacto banned guns in the whole state.